DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
The theory of demographic transition states the impact of economic development on the population growth of a country. population growth is a transitory phenomenon that is explained by the theory of Demographic transition.IN OTHER WORD The theory of demographic transition explains the transformation of traditional high birth and death rate economy into low birth and death rate economy. According to this theory there are three distinct stages of population growth:3 STAGES OF POPULATION GROWTH
FIRST STAGEHigh Birth- Rate and High Death-Rate
In the first stage of population growth, the birth rate and death rate
are
high. This keeps population growth as low. The economy during this stage is underdeveloped with low level of income.
This period is also known as
period of steady
rise in population (1921-51)
•
1921-31,
in
this period population
of India in increased by
1.1 percent (276 lakhs)
•
1931-41, during this decade population growth rate increased from 1.1 percent to
1.4 percent (by 396 lakhs)
•
1941-51, during this period population rose by 424 lakhs however growth rate was less than the last decade (1.3 percent)
due to the loss of lives during the process of partition.
The high birth-rate occurs due to traditional religious
beliefs, wide spread illiteracy, absence of awareness about family techniques, early age of marriage, attitude towards children and family size etc. The large size of family is expected to provide economic
advantage as children
contribute at an early age and considered as traditional source of security in the old age of parents.
The death rate on the other hand is also high mainly due to ill nourished
diet, lack of sanitation
and medical facilities. The famines and epidemics
also caused high death rates.
During this stage the population remains low; however the potential for the
population rise is very large due
to high birth rate.SECOND STAGE - Falling Death Rate and High Death Rate
At this stage the death rates start falling rapidly but birth rate remains stable. The rapid decline in death rate occurs due to improved
economic development that result in the availability of better food, adequate clothing, housing, improved medical and public
health facilities, greater awareness about health
and hygiene. The birth rate in this stage remains at high levels mainly because of factors such as better education, change in attitude towards family size and increasing level of urbanization take time to show results. In fact, the high growth potential of the first stage is realized in the high actual growth. The high birth rate and falling death rate contributes to the rapid population
growth. The second stage is also termed as the stage of “Population
Explosion” (1951-81).
•
1951-61, during this decade population of india Increased by 782 lakhs
adjusted growth
rate due to partition was
2.1
percent
•
1961-71, during this decade,
population increased by 1089 lakhs and
growth rate was 2.2 percent
1971-81, during this period, india population increased to 68.33 crores and growth rate was recorded 2.1 percentTHIRD STAGE Low Birth-Rate and Low Death Rate
During this stage, the economic
development process transforms the country from agrarian to industrialized economy accompanied by the fast urbanization. The birth rate witness
a fall as problems
of urbanization such as housing
problem, increased cost of living etc., compel people to follow small family norms. Further, the expansion of education
causes attitudinal changes and the advantage of small family is recognized. Since death rate remained quite low and birth rate falls steadily
this stage is characterized by slow population growth rate (1981 onwards).
•
1981-91, during this decade, population rose to 84.63 crore but the growth of population fell to 1.9 percent
•
1991-2001, population in this decade rose to 102.7 crore with population growth rate of 1.8 percent
•
2001-11, population rose to 121.02 with decline in growth rate to
1.76 percent.
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